Zeolitic catalytic conversion of alochols to hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT

A method for converting an alcohol to a hydrocarbon, the method comprising contacting said alcohol with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst at a temperature of at least 100° C. and up to 550° C., wherein said alcohol can be produced by a fermentation process, said metal is a positively-charged metal ion, and said metal-loaded zeolite catalyst is catalytically active for converting said alcohol to said hydrocarbon.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of copending application Ser. No.14/123,363 filed Dec. 10, 2013 which is a National Phase ofPCT/US2012/042399 filed Jun. 14, 2012 which claims the benefit ofpriority from U.S. Provisional Application 61/497,256, filed on Jun. 15,2011, all of the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under Prime Contract No.DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. Thegovernment has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates, generally, to the catalytic conversion ofalcohols to hydrocarbons, and more particularly, to zeolite-basedcatalytic methods for such conversion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The conversion of alcohols to hydrocarbons is generally not commerciallyfeasible. In fact, the majority of commercial alcohols are produced fromhydrocarbons. Alcohol-to-hydrocarbon conversion is further prohibitivedue to the significant cost requirements of current conversionprocesses. Hence, alcohol obtained by natural means (e.g., byfermentation of biomass) would be a significantly more cost-efficientfeedstock.

However, a major obstacle in applying current conversion methodology tobiomass-produced alcohols (i.e., bio-alcohols) is the high concentrationof water (and concomitant low alcohol concentrations) typicallyencountered in fermentation streams produced in biomass-to-alcoholrefineries. Current alcohol-to-hydrocarbon conversion processes aregenerally incapable or highly ineffective in providing such conversionat such dilute alcohol and high water concentrations. Instead, currentalcohol-to-hydrocarbon conversion processes generally require purealcohol (i.e., in the substantial absence of water). Moreover,concentration and/or distillation of alcohol from a fermentation streamto accommodate current technologies would be highly energy intensive,and thus, would largely offset gains made in the initial low cost ofusing a bio-alcohol.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a method for catalytically converting analcohol to a hydrocarbon, wherein the catalytic conversion isaccomplished without requiring the alcohol to be purified orconcentrated before the conversion reaction. For example, by methodsdescribed herein, effective conversion can be accomplished on diluteaqueous solutions of an alcohol, as found, for example, in thefermentation stream of a biomass fermentation reactor. In particularembodiments, the method includes contacting an alcohol (or mixture ofalcohols) with a metal-loaded zeolite catalyst at a temperature of atleast 100° C. and up to 550° C., wherein the alcohol can be (i.e., iscapable of being, or is) produced by a fermentation process, the metalis a positively-charged metal ion, and the metal-loaded zeolite catalystis catalytically active for converting the alcohol or mixture thereof toa hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Graph comparing hydrocarbon distribution between pure ethanol(A) and 10% ethanol in water (B) after catalytic conversion overCu-ZSM-5 at 400° C. The compounds are (from left to right, identified byarrows) water, acetaldehyde, isobutene, 2-butene, acetone,1,2-dimethyl-4-ethynyl-benzene, 2-butanone, benzene, toluene,1,3-dimethylbenzyne, p-xylene, naphthalene, and phenol.

FIG. 2. Graph showing hydrocarbon distribution in product stream of 10%ethanol after catalytic conversion over Cu-ZSM-5 at 400° C. at 12.5 h⁻¹LHSV. The compounds are (from left to right, identified by arrows)water, acetaldehyde, isobutane, 2-butene, acetone, 2-methylbutene,2-methyl-2-butene, cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopropene, cyclopentane,3,3-dimethylcyclobutene, benzene, 4,4-dimethylcyclobutane, toluene,1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,and 1-ethyl-4-methyl-benzene.

FIGS. 3A, 3B. Graph plotting ethanol conversion to hydrocarbons as afunction of temperature at a LHSV of 2.93 h⁻¹ (FIG. 3A) and as afunction of LHSV at 275° C. (FIG. 3B) for V-ZSM-5 catalyst.

FIGS. 4A, 4B. Graph plotting carbon distribution in produced blend-stock(FIG. 4A) and diesel/jet fuel blend-stock obtained by fractionalcollection (FIG. 4B) for V-ZSM-5 catalyst.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the conversion method described herein, an alcohol is catalyticallyconverted to a hydrocarbon by contacting the alcohol with a metal-loadedzeolite catalyst at conditions (particularly, temperature and choice ofcatalyst) suitable to effect said conversion. As used herein, the term“alcohol” is meant to include a single alcohol or a mixture of two ormore alcohols, and the term “hydrocarbon” is likewise meant to include asingle hydrocarbon compound or a mixture of two or more hydrocarboncompounds.

The alcohol considered herein is primarily one that can be produced by afermentation process (i.e., a bio-alcohol). Most notable examples ofbio-alcohols considered herein include ethanol, butanol, and isobutanol.In different embodiments, the alcohol can be ethanol, or butanol, orisobutanol, or a combination thereof, as commonly found in fermentationstreams. In particular embodiments, the alcohol is an aqueous solutionof alcohol (i.e., the alcohol is a component of an aqueous solution), asfound in fermentation streams. In fermentation streams, the alcohol istypically in a concentration of no more than about 20% (vol/vol), 15%,10%, or 5%. In some embodiments, a fermentation stream is directlycontacted with the catalyst (typically, after filtration to removesolids) to effect the conversion of the alcohol in the fermentationstream. In other embodiments, the fermentation stream is concentrated inalcohol (for example, of at least or up to 30%, 40%, or 50%) beforecontacting the fermentation stream with the catalyst. In yet otherembodiments, alcohol in the fermentation stream is selectively removedfrom the fermentation stream, such as by distillation, to produce asubstantially pure form of alcohol as the feedstock (e.g., aconcentration of at least 90% or 95% of alcohol). In still otherembodiments, the alcohol is completely dewatered into 100% alcoholbefore contacting with the catalyst.

As used herein, the term “about” generally indicates within ±0.5%, 1%,2%, 5%, or up to ±10% of the indicated value. For example, aconcentration of about 20% generally indicates in its broadest sense20+2%, which indicates 18-22%. In addition, the term “about” canindicate either a measurement error (i.e., by limitations in themeasurement method), or alternatively, a variation or average in aphysical characteristic of a group.

Although a wide variety of hydrocarbon product can be produced by theinstant method, the hydrocarbon primarily considered herein is typicallysaturated, and more particularly, in the class of alkanes, which may bestraight-chained, or branched, or a mixture thereof, particularly whenthe hydrocarbon product is to be used as a fuel. The alkanesparticularly desired herein include those containing at least four,five, or six carbon atoms, and up to twelve, fourteen, sixteen,seventeen, eighteen, or twenty carbon atoms. Some examples ofstraight-chained alkanes include n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane,n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane,n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane,n-octadecane, n-nonadecane, and n-eicosane. Some examples of branchedalkanes include isobutane, isopentane, neopentane, isohexane,3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2-methylhexane,3-methylhexane, 2,2-dimethylpentane, 2,3-dimethylpentane,2,4-dimethylpentane, 3,3-dimethylpentane, 2-methylheptane, and2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). Some other hydrocarbon products thatmay be produced by the instant method include olefins (i.e., alkenes,such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, n-butene, and/or isobutene)and aromatics (for example, naphthalene, benzene, toluene, and/orxylenes).

The hydrocarbon product particularly considered herein is a mixture ofhydrocarbon compounds useful as a fuel or as a blendstock in fuel. Themixture of hydrocarbon compounds produced herein preferablysubstantially corresponds (e.g., in composition and/or properties) to aknown petrochemical fuel, such as petroleum, or a fractional distillateof petroleum. Some examples of petrochemical fuels include gasoline,kerosene, diesel, and jet propellant (e.g., JP-8). Like hydrocarbon fuelgrades in current use, the mixture of hydrocarbon compounds producedherein can, in some embodiments, be predominantly or exclusivelycomposed of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, or a mixture thereof. Althougharomatics (particularly benzene) may be present in the hydrocarbonmixture, their presence may be minimized to adhere to current fuelstandards. The raw hydrocarbon product, produced by the instantlydescribed method, is typically fractionated by distillation intodifferent fuel grades, each of which is known to be within a certainboiling point range. A particular advantage of the instant method is itsability to produce such fuel grades in the substantial absence ofcontaminants (e.g., mercaptans) normally required to be removed duringthe petroleum refining process. Moreover, by appropriate adjustment ofthe catalyst and processing conditions, a select distribution ofhydrocarbons can be obtained.

Depending on the final composition of the hydrocarbon product, theproduct can be directed to a variety of applications, including, forexample, as precursors for plastics, polymers, and fine chemicals. Theprocess described herein can advantageously produce a range ofhydrocarbon products that differ in any of a variety of characteristics,such as molecular weight (i.e., hydrocarbon weight distribution), degreeof saturation or unsaturation (e.g., alkane to alkene ratio), and levelof branched or cyclic isomers. The process provides this level ofversatility by appropriate selection of, for example, composition of thecatalyst (e.g., catalytic metal), amount of catalyst (e.g., ratio ofcatalyst to alcohol precursor), processing temperature, and flow rate(e.g., LHSV).

In the process, a suitable reaction temperature is employed duringcontact of the alcohol with the catalyst. Generally, the reactiontemperature is at least 100° C. and up to 550° C. In differentembodiments, the reaction is precisely or about, for example, 100° C.,125° C., 150° C., 175° C., 200° C., 225° C., 250° C., 275° C., 300° C.,325° C., 350° C., 375° C., 400° C., 425° C., 450° C., 475° C., 500° C.,525° C., or 550° C., or a temperature within a range bounded by any twoof the foregoing exemplary temperatures (e.g., 100° C.-550° C., 200°C.-550° C., 300° C.-550° C., 400° C.-550° C., 450° C.-550° C., 100°C.-500° C., 200° C.-500° C., 300° C.-500° C., 350° C.-500° C., 400°C.-500° C., 450° C.-500° C., 100° C.-450° C., 200° C.-450° C., 300°C.-450° C., 350° C.-450° C., 400° C.-450° C., 100° C.-425° C., 200°C.-425° C., 300° C.-425° C., 350° C.-425° C., 375° C.-425° C., 400°C.-425° C., 100° C.-400° C., 200° C.-400° C., 300° C.-400° C., 350°C.-400° C., and 375° C.-400° C.).

Generally, ambient (i.e., normal atmospheric) pressure of about 1 atm isused in the method described herein. However, in some embodiments, anelevated pressure or reduced pressure may be used. For example, in someembodiments, the pressure may be elevated to, for example, 1.5, 2, 3, 4,or 5 atm, or reduced to, for example, 0.5, 0.2, or 0.1 atm.

The catalyst and reactor can have any of the designs known in the artfor catalytically treating a fluid or gas at elevated temperatures, suchas a fluidized bed reactor. The process may be in a continuous or batchmode. In particular embodiments, the alcohol is injected into a heatedreactor such that the alcohol is quickly volatilized into gas, and thegas passed over the catalyst. In some embodiments, the reactor designincludes a boiler unit and a reactor unit if the fermentation stream isused directly as a feedstock without purification. The boiler unit isgenerally not needed if the fermentation stream is distilled toconcentrate ethanol because the distillation process removes thedissolved solids in the fermentation streams. The boiler unitvolatilizes liquid feedstock into gases prior to entry into the reactorunit and withholds dissolved solids.

In some embodiments, the conversion method described above is integratedwith a fermentation process, wherein the fermentation process producesthe alcohol used as feedstock for the conversion process. By being“integrated” is meant that alcohol produced at a fermentation facilityor zone is sent to and processed at a conversion facility or zone (whichperforms the conversion process described above). Preferably, in orderto minimize production costs, the fermentation process is in closeenough proximity to the conversion facility or zone, or includesappropriate conduits for transferring produced alcohol to the conversionfacility or zone, thereby not requiring the alcohol to be shipped. Inparticular embodiments, the fermentation stream produced in thefermentation facility is directly transferred to the conversionfacility, generally with removal of solids from the raw stream(generally by filtration or settling) before contact of the stream withthe catalyst.

In some embodiments, the fermentation process is performed in anautonomous fermentation facility, i.e., where saccharides, producedelsewhere, are loaded into the fermentation facility to produce alcohol.In other embodiments, the fermentation process is part of a largerbiomass reactor facility, i.e., where biomass is decomposed intofermentable saccharides, which are then processed in a fermentationzone. Biomass reactors and fermentation facilities are well known in theart. Biomass often refers to lignocellulosic matter (i.e., plantmaterial), such as wood, grass, leaves, paper, corn husks, sugar cane,bagasse, and nut hulls. Generally, biomass-to-ethanol conversion isperformed by 1) pretreating biomass under well-known conditions toloosen lignin and hemicellulosic material from cellulosic material, 2)breaking down cellulosic material into fermentable saccharide materialby the action of a cellulase enzyme, and 3) fermentation of thesaccharide material, typically by the action of a fermenting organism,such as suitable yeast.

In other embodiments, the alcohol is produced from a more direct sugarsource, such as a plant-based source of sugars, such as sugar cane or agrain starch (such as corn starch). Ethanol production via corn starch(i.e., corn starch ethanol) and via sugar cane (i.e., cane sugarethanol) currently represent some of the largest commercial productionmethods of ethanol. Integration of the instant conversion process withany of these large scale ethanol production methods is contemplatedherein.

The conversion catalyst used herein includes a zeolite portion and ametal loaded into the zeolite. The zeolite considered herein can be anyof the porous aluminosilicate structures known in the art that arestable under high temperature conditions, i.e., of at least 100° C.,150° C., 200° C., 250° C., 300° C., and higher temperatures up to, forexample, 500° C., 550° C., 600° C., 650° C., 700° C., 750° C., 800° C.,850° C., or 900° C. In particular embodiments, the zeolite is stablefrom at least 100° C. and up to 700° C. Typically, the zeolite isordered by having a crystalline or partly crystalline structure. Thezeolite can generally be described as a three-dimensional frameworkcontaining silicate (SiO₂ or SiO₄) and aluminate (Al₂O₃ or AlO₄) unitsthat are interconnected (i.e., crosslinked) by the sharing of oxygenatoms.

The zeolite can be microporous (i.e., pore size of less than 2 μm),mesoporous (i.e., pore size within 2-50 μm, or sub-range therein), or acombination thereof. In several embodiments, the zeolite material iscompletely or substantially microporous. By being completely orsubstantially microporous, the pore volume due to micropores can be, forexample, 100%, or at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5%, with theremaining pore volume being due to mesopores, or in some embodiments,macropores (pore size greater than 50 μm). In other embodiments, thezeolite material is completely or substantially mesoporous. By beingcompletely or substantially mesoporous, the pore volume due to mesoporescan be, for example, 100%, or at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or99.5%, with the remaining pore volume being due to micropores, or insome embodiments, macropores. In yet other embodiments, the zeolitematerial contains an abundance of both micropores and mesopores. Bycontaining an abundance of both micropores and mesopores, the porevolume due to mesopores can be, for example, up to, at least, orprecisely 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%, with the pore volume balance beingdue to micropores, or vice-versa.

In various embodiments, the zeolite is a MFI-type zeolite, MEL-typezeolite, MTW-type zeolite, MCM-type zeolite, BEA-type zeolite, kaolin,or a faujasite-type of zeolite. Some particular examples of zeolitesinclude the ZSM class of zeolites (e.g., ZSM-5, ZSM-8, ZSM-11, ZSM-12,ZSM-15, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48), zeolite X, zeolite Y, zeolitebeta, and the MCM class of zeolites (e.g., MCM-22 and MCM-49). Thecompositions, structures, and properties of these zeolites arewell-known in the art, and have been described in detail, as found in,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,721,609, 4,596,704, 3,702,886, 7,459,413,and 4,427,789, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

The zeolite can have any suitable silica-to-alumina (i.e., SiO₂/Al₂O₃ or“Si/Al”) ratio. For example, in various embodiments, the zeolite canhave a Si/Al ratio of precisely, at least, less than, or up to 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 120, 150, or 200, or a Si/Alratio within a range bounded by any two of the foregoing values. Inparticular embodiments, the zeolite possesses a Si/Al ratio of 1 to 45.

In particular embodiments, the zeolite is ZSM-5. ZSM-5 belongs to thepentasil-containing class of zeolites, all of which are also consideredherein. In particular embodiments, the ZSM-5 zeolite is represented bythe formula Na_(n)Al_(n)Si_(96-n)O₁₉₂.16H₂O, wherein 0<n<27.

Typically, the zeolite contains an amount of cationic species. As iswell known in the art, the amount of cationic species is generallyproportional to the amount of aluminum in the zeolite. This is becausethe replacement of silicon atoms with lower valent aluminum atomsnecessitates the presence of countercations to establish a chargebalance. Some examples of cationic species include hydrogen ions (H⁺),alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, and main group metal ions.Some examples of alkali metal ions that may be included in the zeoliteinclude lithium (Li⁺), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), rubidium (Rb⁺), andcesium (Cs⁺). Some examples of alkaline earth metal ions that may beincluded in the zeolite include (Ba²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium(Ca²⁺), strontium (Sr²⁺), and barium (Ba²⁺). Some examples of main groupmetal ions that may be included in the zeolite include boron (B³⁺),gallium (Ga³⁺), indium (In³⁺), and arsenic (As³⁺). In some embodiments,a combination of cationic species is included. The cationic species canbe in a trace amount (e.g., no more than 0.01 or 0.001%), oralternatively, in a significant amount (e.g., above 0.01%, and up to,for example, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5% by weight of the zeolite). Insome embodiments, any one or more of the above classes or specificexamples of cationic species are excluded from the zeolite.

The zeolite described above is loaded with an amount of metal. The metalloaded into the zeolite is selected such that the resulting metal-loadedzeolite is catalytically active, under conditions set forth above, forconverting an alcohol to a hydrocarbon. Typically, the metal consideredherein is in the form of positively-charged metal ions (i.e., metalcations). The metal cations can be, for example, monovalent, divalent,trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, or hexavalent. In some embodiments,the metal is (or includes) alkali metal ions. In other embodiments, themetal is (or includes) alkaline earth metal ions. In other embodiments,the metal is (or includes) a transition metal, such as one or morefirst, second, or third row transition metals. Some preferred transitionmetals include copper, iron, zinc, titanium, vanadium, and cadmium. Thecopper ions can be cuprous (Cu⁺¹) or cupric (Cu⁺²) in nature, and theiron atoms can be ferrous (Fe⁺²) or ferric (Fe⁺³) in nature. Vanadiumions may be in any of its known oxidation states, e.g., V⁺², V⁺³, V⁺⁴,and v⁺⁵. In other embodiments, the metal is (or includes) acatalytically active main group metal, such as gallium or indium. Asingle metal or a combination of metals may be loaded into the zeolite.In other embodiments, any one or more metals described above areexcluded from the zeolite.

The metal loading can be any suitable amount, but is generally no morethan about 2.5%, wherein the loading is expressed as the amount of metalby weight of the zeolite. In different embodiments, the metal loading isprecisely, at least, less than, or up to, for example, 0.01%, 0.02%,0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%,1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, or2.5%, or a metal loading within a range bounded by any two of theforegoing values.

In further aspects of the invention, the zeolite catalyst may include atleast one trivalent metal ion in addition to one or more metalsdescribed above. As used herein, the term “trivalent metal ion” isdefined as a trivalent metal ion other than aluminum (Al⁺³). Withoutwishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the trivalentmetal is incorporated into the zeolite structure. More specifically, theincorporated trivalent metal ion is believed to be bound in the zeoliteto an appropriate number of oxygen atoms, i.e., as a metal oxide unitcontaining the metal cation connected to the structure via oxygenbridges. In some embodiments, the presence of a trivalent metal ion incombination with one or more other catalytically active metal ions maycause a combined effect different than the cumulative effect of theseions when used alone. The effect primarily considered herein is on theresulting catalyst's ability to convert alcohols into hydrocarbons.

In some embodiments, only one type of trivalent metal ion aside fromaluminum is incorporated into the zeolite. In other embodiments, atleast two types of trivalent metal ions aside from aluminum areincorporated into the zeolite. In yet other embodiments, at least threetypes of trivalent metal ions aside from aluminum are incorporated intothe zeolite. In yet other embodiments, precisely two or three types oftrivalent metal ions aside from aluminum are incorporated into thezeolite.

Each of the trivalent metal ions can be included in any suitable amount,such as, precisely, at least, less than, or up to, for example, 0.01%,0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 1.0%, 1.1%,1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%,2.4%, or 2.5%, or an amount within a range bounded by any two of theforegoing values. Alternatively, the total amount of trivalent metalions (other than Al) may be limited to any of the foregoing values. Insome embodiments, one or more specific types, or all, trivalent metalions other than Al are excluded from the catalyst.

In a first set of embodiments, at least one trivalent metal ion isselected from trivalent transition metal ions. The one or moretransition metals can be selected from any or a select portion of thefollowing types of transition metals: elements of Groups IIIB (Scgroup), IVB (Ti group), VB (V group), VIB (Cr group), VIIB (Mn group),VIIIB (Fe and Co groups) of the Periodic Table of the Elements. Someexamples of trivalent transition metal ions include Sc⁺³, Y⁺³, V⁺³,Nb⁺³, Cr⁺³, Fe⁺³, and Co⁺³. In other embodiments, the trivalent metalion excludes all transition metal ions, or alternatively, excludes anyone, two, or more classes or specific examples of transition metal ionsprovided above. In particular embodiments, the trivalent transitionmetal ions include Sc⁺³, or Fe⁺³, or a combination thereof.

In a second set of embodiments, at least one trivalent metal ion isselected from trivalent main group metal ions. The one or more maingroup metals can be selected from any or a select portion of elements ofGroup IIIA (B group) and/or Group VA (N group) of the Periodic Table,other than aluminum. Some examples of trivalent main group metal ionsinclude Ga⁺³, In⁺³, As⁺³, Sb⁺³, and Bi⁺³. In other embodiments, thetrivalent metal ion excludes all main group metal ions other thanaluminum, or alternatively, excludes any one, two, or more classes orspecific examples of main group metal ions provided above. In particularembodiments, the trivalent main group metal ions include at least In³⁺.

In a third set of embodiments, at least one trivalent metal ion isselected from trivalent lanthanide metal ions. Some examples oftrivalent lanthanide metal ions considered herein include La⁺³, Ce⁺³,Pr⁺³, Nd⁺³, Sm⁺³, Eu⁺³, Gd⁺³, Tb⁺³, Dy⁺³, Ho⁺³, Er⁺³, Tm⁺³, Yb⁺³, andLu⁺³. In particular embodiments, the trivalent lanthanide metal ion isselected from one or a combination of La⁺³, Ce⁺³, Pr⁺³, and Nd⁺³. Infurther particular embodiments, the trivalent lanthanide metal ion is orincludes La⁺³. In other embodiments, the trivalent metal ion excludesall lanthanide metal ions, or alternatively, excludes any one, two, ormore classes or specific examples of lanthanide metal ions providedabove.

In a fourth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least twotrivalent metal ions selected from trivalent transition metal ions. Somecombinations of trivalent transition metal ions considered hereininclude Sc⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalent transitionmetal ions, or Fe⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalenttransition metal ions, or Y⁺³ in combination with one or more othertrivalent transition metal ions, or V⁺³ in combination with one or moreother trivalent transition metal ions.

In a fifth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least twotrivalent metal ions selected from trivalent main group metal ions. Somecombinations of trivalent main group metal ions considered hereininclude In⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalent main groupmetal ions, or Ga⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalent maingroup metal ions, or As⁺³ in combination with one or more othertrivalent main group metal ions.

In a sixth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least twotrivalent metal ions selected from trivalent lanthanide metal ions. Somecombinations of trivalent lanthanide metal ions considered hereininclude La⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalent lanthanidemetal ions, or Ce⁺³ in combination with one or more other trivalentlanthanide metal ions, or Pr⁺³ in combination with one or more othertrivalent lanthanide metal ions, or Nd⁺³ in combination with one or moreother trivalent lanthanide metal ions.

In a seventh set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least onetrivalent transition metal ion and at least one trivalent lanthanidemetal ion. For example, in particular embodiments, at least onetrivalent metal ion is selected from Sc⁺³, Fe⁺³, V⁺³, and/or Y⁺³, andanother trivalent metal ion is selected from La⁺³, Ce⁺³, Pr⁺³, and/orNd⁺³.

In an eighth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least onetrivalent transition metal ion and at least one trivalent main groupmetal ion. For example, in particular embodiments, at least onetrivalent metal ion is selected from Sc⁺³, Fe⁺³, V⁺³, and/or Y⁺³, andanother trivalent metal ion is selected from In⁺³, Ga⁺³, and/or In⁺³.

In a ninth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least onetrivalent main group metal ion and at least one trivalent lanthanidemetal ion. For example, in particular embodiments, at least onetrivalent metal ion is selected from In⁺³, Ga⁺³, and/or In⁺³, andanother trivalent metal ion is selected from La⁺³, Ce⁺³, Pr⁺³, and/orNd⁺³.

In a tenth set of embodiments, the catalyst includes at least threetrivalent metal ions. The at least three trivalent metal ions can beselected from trivalent transition metal ions, trivalent main groupmetal ions, and/or trivalent lanthanide metal ions.

In particular embodiments, one, two, three, or more trivalent metal ionsare selected from Sc⁺³, Fe⁺³, V⁺³, y+3, La⁺³, Ce⁺³, Pr⁺³, Nd⁺³, In⁺³,and/or Ga⁺³. In more particular embodiments, one, two, three, or moretrivalent metal ions are selected from Sc⁺³, Fe⁺³, V⁺³, La⁺³, and/orIn⁺³.

The zeolite catalyst described above is typically not coated with ametal-containing film or layer. However, the instant invention alsocontemplates the zeolite catalyst described above coated with ametal-containing film or layer as long as the film or layer does notsubstantially impede the catalyst from effectively functioning as aconversion catalyst, as intended herein. By being coated, the film orlayer resides on the surface of the zeolite. In some embodiments, thesurface of the zeolite refers to only the outer surface (i.e., asdefined by the outer contour area of the zeolite catalyst), while inother embodiments, the surface of the zeolite refers to or includesinner surfaces of the zeolite, such as the surfaces within pores orchannels of the zeolite. The metal-containing film or layer can serve,for example, to adjust the physical characteristics of the catalyst, thecatalytic efficiency, or catalytic selectivity. Some examples ofmetal-containing surfaces include the oxides and/or sulfides of thealkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and divalent transition or maingroup metals, provided that such surface metals are non-contaminating tothe hydrocarbon product and non-deleterious to the conversion process.

The catalyst described herein can be synthesized by any suitable methodknown in the art. The method considered herein should preferablyincorporate the metal ions homogeneously into the zeolite. The zeolitemay be a single type of zeolite, or a combination of different zeolitematerials.

In particular embodiments, the catalyst described herein is prepared by,first, impregnating the zeolite with the metals to be loaded. Theimpregnating step can be achieved by, for example, treating the zeolitewith one or more solutions containing salts of the metals to be loaded.By treating the zeolite with the metal-containing solution, themetal-containing solution is contacted with the zeolite such that thesolution is absorbed into the zeolite, preferably into the entire volumeof the zeolite. Typically, in preparing the metal-loaded zeolitecatalyst (e.g., Cu-ZSM5 or V-ZSM-5), the acid zeolite form (i.e.,H-ZSM5) or its ammonium salt (e.g., NH₄-ZSM-5) is used as a startingmaterial on which an exchange with metal ions (e.g., copper ions) isperformed. The particulars of such metal exchange processes are wellknown in the art.

In one embodiment, the impregnating step is achieved by treating thezeolite with a solution that contains all of the metals to be loaded. Inanother embodiment, the impregnating step is achieved by treating thezeolite with two or more solutions, wherein the different solutionscontain different metals or combinations of metals. Each treatment ofthe zeolite with an impregnating solution corresponds to a separateimpregnating step. Typically, when more than one impregnating step isemployed, a drying and/or thermal treatment step is employed between theimpregnating steps.

The metal-impregnating solution contains at least one or more metal ionsto be loaded into the zeolite, as well as a liquid carrier fordistributing the metal ions into the zeolite. The metal ions aregenerally in the form of metal salts. Preferably, the metal salts arecompletely dissolved in the liquid carrier. The metal salt contains oneor more metal ions in ionic association with one or more counteranions.Any one or more of the metal ions described above can serve as the metalion portion. The counteranion can be selected from, for example, halides(F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, or F⁻), carboxylates (e.g., formate, acetate, propionate,or butyrate), sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chlorate, bromate, iodate,hydroxide, β-diketonate (e.g., acetylacetonate), and dicarboxylates(e.g., oxalate, malonate, or succinate).

In particular embodiments, the catalyst is prepared by forming a slurrycontaining zeolite powder and the metals to be incorporated. Theresulting slurry is dried and fired to form a powder. The powder is thencombined with organic and/or inorganic binders and wet-mixed to form apaste. The resulting paste can be formed into any desired shape, e.g.,by extrusion into rod, honeycomb, or pinwheel structures. The extrudedstructures are then dried and fired to form the final catalyst. In otherembodiments, the zeolite powder, metals, and binders are all combinedtogether to form a paste, which is then extruded and fired.

After impregnating the zeolite, the metal-loaded zeolite is typicallydried and/or subjected to a thermal treatment step (e.g., a firing orcalcination step). The thermal treatment step functions to permanentlyincorporate the impregnated metals into the zeolite, e.g., by replacingAl⁺³ and/or Si⁺⁴ and forming metal-oxide bonds within the zeolitematerial. In different embodiments, the thermal treatment step can beconducted at a temperature of at least 100° C., 150° C., 200° C., 250°C., 300° C., 350° C., 400° C., 450° C., 500° C., 550° C., 600° C., 650°C., 700° C., 750° C., or 800° C., or within a range therein, for a timeperiod of, for example, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, or 48 hours, or within arange therein. In some particular embodiments, the thermal treatmentstep is conducted at a temperature of at least 500° C. for a time periodof at least two hours. In some embodiments, the thermal treatment stepincludes a temperature ramping step from a lower temperature to a highertemperature, and/or from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.For example, the thermal treatment step can include a ramp stage from100-700° C., or vice-versa, at a rate of 1, 2, 5, or 10° C./min.

Generally, the one or more heat treatment steps for producing themetal-loaded zeolite catalyst are conducted under normal atmosphericpressure. However, in some embodiments, an elevated pressure (e.g.,above 1 atm and up to 2, 5, or 10 atm) is employed, while in otherembodiments, a reduced pressure (e.g., below 1, 0.5, or 0.2 atm) isemployed. Furthermore, although the heat treatment steps are generallyconducted under a normal air atmosphere, in some embodiments, anelevated oxygen, reduced oxygen, or inert atmosphere is used. Some gasesthat can be included in the processing atmosphere include, for example,oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof.

For the sake of providing a more descriptive example, a Cu-ZSM-5catalyst can be prepared as follows: 2.664 g of copper acetate hydrate(i.e., Cu(OAc)₂.6H₂O) is dissolved in 600 mL de-ionized water (0.015M),followed by addition of 10.005 g of H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The slurry is keptstirring for about two hours at 50° C. Cu-ZSM-5 (blue in color) iscollected by filtration after cooling, washed with de-ionized water, andcalcined in air at about 500° C. (10° C./min) for four hours.

The produced Cu-ZSM-5 precursor can then be further impregnated withanother metal, such as iron. For example, Cu—Fe-ZSM-5 can be produced asfollows: 5 g of Cu-ZSM-5 is suspended in an aqueous solution of 25 mL of0.015M Fe(NO₃)₃, degassed with N₂, and is kept stirring for about twohours at about 80° C. Brown solid is obtained after filtration, leavinga clear and colorless filtrate. The product is then calcined in air atabout 500° C. (2° C./min) for about two hours. The resulting Cu—Fe-ZSM-5catalyst typically contains about 2.4% Cu and 0.3% Fe. Numerous othermetals can be loaded into the zeolite by similar means to produce avariety of different metal-loaded catalysts.

Generally, the zeolite catalyst described herein is in the form of apowder. In a first set of embodiments, at least a portion, or all, ofthe particles of the powder have a size less than a micron (i.e.,nanosized particles). The nanosized particles can have a particle sizeof precisely, at least, up to, or less than, for example, 1, 2, 5, 10,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450,500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, or 950 nanometers (nm), ora particle size within a range bounded by any two of the foregoingvalues. In a second set of embodiments, at least a portion, or all, ofthe particles of the powder have a size at or above 1 micron in size.The micron-sized particles can have a particle size of precisely, atleast, up to, or less than, for example, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 microns (m), or a particle size within a rangebounded by any two of the foregoing values. In some embodiments, singlecrystals or grains of the catalyst correspond to any of the sizesprovided above, while in other embodiments, crystals or grains of thecatalyst are agglomerated to provide agglomerated crystallites or grainshaving any of the above exemplary dimensions.

In other embodiments, the zeolite catalyst can be in the form of a film,a coating, or a multiplicity of films or coatings. The thickness of thecoatings or multiplicity of coatings can be, for example, 1, 2, 5, 10,50, or 100 microns, or a range therein, or up to 100 micron thickness.In yet other embodiments, the zeolite catalyst is in the form of anon-particulate (i.e., continuous) bulk solid. In still otherembodiments, the zeolite catalyst can be fibrous or in the form of amesh.

The catalyst can also be mixed with or affixed onto a support materialsuitable for operation in a catalytic converter. The support materialcan be a powder (e.g., having any of the above particle sizes), granular(e.g., 0.5 mm or greater particle size), a bulk material, such as ahoneycomb monolith of the flow-through type, a plate or multi-platestructure, or corrugated metal sheets. If a honeycomb structure is used,the honeycomb structure can contain any suitable density of cells. Forexample, the honeycomb structure can have 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,700, 800, or 900 cells per square inch (cells/in²) (or from 62-140cells/cm²) or greater. The support material is generally constructed ofa refractory composition, such as those containing cordierite, mullite,alumina (e.g., α-, β-, or γ-alumina), or zirconia, or a combinationthereof. Honeycomb structures, in particular, are described in detailin, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,314,665, 7,442,425, and 7,438,868, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. When corrugated or other types of metal sheets are used, thesecan be layered on top of each other with catalyst material supported onthe sheets such that passages remain that allow the flow ofalcohol-containing fluid. The layered sheets can also be formed into astructure, such as a cylinder, by winding the sheets.

In particular embodiments, the zeolite catalyst is or includes apentasil-type composition loaded with any of the suitable metalsdescribed above. In more specific embodiments, the zeolite catalyst is,or includes, for example, copper-loaded ZSM5 (i.e., Cu-ZSM5), Fe-ZSM5,Cu,Fe-ZSM5, or a mixture of Cu-ZSM5 and Fe-ZSM5. In other embodiments,the zeolite catalyst is, or includes, for example, Cu—La-ZSM5,Fe—La-ZSM5, Fe—Cu—La-ZSM5, Cu—Sc-ZSM5, or Cu—In-ZSM5.

Examples have been set forth below for the purpose of illustration andto describe certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, thescope of this invention is not to be in any way limited by the examplesset forth herein.

Example 1 Preparation of Cu-ZSM5 Catalyst

NH₄-ZSM-5 was purchased from Zeolyst International (CBV-2314) with aSiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of 23 and used as received. The calcination ofNH₄-ZSM-5 at 500° C. for four hours furnished H-ZSM-5 in quantitativeyield. A 2.664 g sample of commercially available Cu(OOCCH₃)₂.H₂O wasdissolved in 600 mL de-ionized water to make a 22 mole solution. A 10.0g sample of H-ZSM-5 was added to the copper acetate solution and thesuspension stirred at 50° C. for two hours. A blue-colored solid wascollected by filtration after cooling and washed with de-ionized water,dried, and calcined in air at 500° C. for four hours to obtain Cu-ZSM-5.Elemental analysis shows 2.76% Cu and 3.31% Al in the sample.

Example 2 Preparation of Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst

A 12 g sample of H-ZSM-5 was suspended in degassed 0.02 M Fe(NO₃)₃aqueous solution. The suspension was stirred at room temperature for 24hours. A light pink-colored solid was collected by filtration and washedwith de-ionized water, dried, and calcined in air at 550° C. for fourhours to obtain 9.98 g of Fe-ZSM-5. Elemental analysis shows 776 ppm ofiron.

Example 3 Preparation of CuFe-ZSM-5 Catalyst

A 5 g sample of Cu-ZSM-5 was suspended in a 25 mL aqueous solution of0.015 M Fe(NO₃)₃, degassed with N₂, and was kept stirring for two hoursat 80° C. A brown solid was collected from the reaction mixture byfiltration while rejecting a clear and colorless filtrate. The powderwas calcined in air at 500° C. (2° C./min) for two hours to obtain apale yellow powder of CuFe-ZSM-5. Elemental analyses: Cu 2.39%; Fe0.40%; Al 2.97%.

Example 4 Preparation of V-ZSM-5 Catalyst

NH₄ ⁺-ZSM-5 (SiO₂/Al₂O₃₌₂₃) starting material, as commercially obtained,was ion-exchanged with V(III)Cl₃ in aqueous solution. Specifically, a0.050 M solution of V(III)Cl₃ was first made by dissolving 2.5 g ofV(III)Cl₃ into 320 mL of distilled water. Then, 12.17 g of NH₄ ⁺-ZSM-5was added to the aqueous solution and warmed to 80° C. After stirringfor eight hours, the heterogeneous mixture was vacuum filtered, and thefiltrate discarded. The light blue V-ZSM-5 initial solid product wasthen calcined at 500° C. for four hours, which resulted in a lightyellow final solid product.

Example 5 Alcohol-to-Hydrocarbon Conversion Performance Using Cu-ZSM-5Catalyst

A catalytic reactor was loaded with 1.0 g of Cu-ZSM-5 powder and heatedto 500° C. for four hours under a flow of dry helium. The catalyst wascooled to 400° C. and 10% aqueous ethanol was introduced into thereactor employing a syringe pump at a rate of 6.8 mL/hour. Thiscorresponds to a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 2.5 h⁻¹. Thepost-catalyst emissions were collected in a U-tube immersed in liquidnitrogen. On warming the contents of the U-tube, an aqueous emusion wasobtained. A sample of this emulsion was injected into a GasChromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). The trace obtained from GCMS isshown in FIG. 1 (B). This is compared in FIG. 1 (A) with the trace ofemulsion obtained when pure ethanol was injected into the reactor loadedwith Cu-ZSM-5. A comparison of GCMS trace of pure and 10% aqueousethanol shows that aqueous dilution has no effect on conversion orproduct distribution when the reaction is conducted under the conditionsdescribed above.

The experiment was also conducted with a LHSV of 12.5 h⁻¹ for aqueousethanol. As shown by FIG. 2, identical results were obtained in terms ofquantitative conversion and product distribution. The broad peak between2.5 and 12.5 minutes is due to water. The peaks that appear after 12.5minutes were identified to be due to acetaldehyde, isobutane, 2-butene,acetone, 2-methylbutene, 2-methyl-2-butene,cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopropene, cyclopentane, 3,3-dimethylcyclobutene,benzene, 4,4-dimethylcyclobutane, toluene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene,1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and1-ethyl-4-methyl-benzene.

Example 6 Alcohol-to-Hydrocarbon Conversion Performance Using V-ZSM-5Catalyst

A catalytic reactor was loaded with 1.0 g of V-ZSM-5 powder and heatedto 500° C. for four hours under a flow of dry helium. The catalyst wascooled to 200° C., and pure ethanol was introduced into the reactoremploying a syringe pump at 5.0 mL/hour. This corresponds to a LHSV of2.93 h⁻¹. The post-catalyst emissions were analyzed by on-line gaschromatography by gradually increasing the temperature to 450° C. Thedata is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The results show that a reactiontemperature of 275° C. is ideal in this instance for minimizing ethylene(designated as “C2”) by-product with negligible CO, which suggests aminimal level of product decomposition on the catalyst surface. Theconversion of ethanol at 275° C. as a function of space velocity wasalso monitored, and a LHSV of 2.93 h¹ was determined to be optimal forthe same reasons.

The catalytic emissions were collected in a cold trap immersed in liquidnitrogen. On warming, the hydrocarbon layer and aqueous layer wereseparated. As can be elucidated from the carbon distribution plot shownin FIG. 4A, the hydrocarbon produced from ethanol (designated as“C3-C16”) was found to be a mixture of about 2.47% paraffins, 10.5%iso-paraffins, 9.65% olefins, 3.11% naphthalenes, and 74.26% aromatics.The average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon mixture was found to be97.86, the average specific gravity 0.823, total hydrogen 10.5, and thecarbon to hydrogen ratio 8.47. The calculated research and motor octanenumbers were found to be 107.6 and 93.3, respectively. Fractionalcollection permitted collection of 160-300° C. blend-stocks suitable formixing with diesel or jet fuel. The carbon distribution is shown in FIG.4B. The average molecular weight of the hydrocarbon mixture was found tobe 129.97, the average specific gravity 0.88, total hydrogen 9.4, andthe carbon to hydrogen ratio 9.63.

Engine tests were conducted on a modified Sturman variable valveactuation engine with a ported fuel injection that can be warmed upusing a gasoline direct injection fueling system without consuming testfuel. Test fuel or certification gasoline was then introduced, andperformance data recorded, such as cylinder pressure and heat releaserate as a function of crank angle. The parameters used for engineoperation on the instant blend stock were found to be identical toparameters for engine operation using certification gasoline.

While there have been shown and described what are at present consideredthe preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art maymake various changes and modifications which remain within the scope ofthe invention defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for converting an alcohol to ahydrocarbon, the method comprising contacting said alcohol with ametal-loaded zeolite catalyst at a temperature of at least 100° C. andup to 550° C., wherein said alcohol can be produced by a fermentationprocess, said metal is a positively-charged metal ion, and saidmetal-loaded zeolite catalyst is catalytically active for convertingsaid alcohol to said hydrocarbon.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein saidalcohol is comprised of ethanol.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein saidalcohol is a component of an aqueous solution.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein said alcohol is a component of an aqueous solution in aconcentration of no more than about 20%.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein said concentration is no more than about 10%.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said alcohol is produced by a fermentation process. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein said alcohol is a component of afermentation stream when contacted with said metal-loaded zeolitecatalyst.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said temperature is at least200° C. and up to 500° C.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein saidtemperature is at least 350° C. and up to 500° C.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said temperature is at least 350° C. and up to 450° C.11. The method of claim 1, wherein said temperature is at least 375° C.and up to 425° C.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal isselected from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, copper, iron,vanadium, zinc, titanium, cadmium, gallium, indium, and combinationsthereof.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal is selected fromcopper, iron, and vanadium.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein saidzeolite is comprised of a pentasil zeolite.
 15. The method of claim 14,wherein said pentasil zeolite is comprised of ZSM5.
 16. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said metal-loaded zeolite catalyst is comprised ofCu-ZSM5.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal-loaded zeolitecatalyst is comprised of V-ZSM5.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein saidhydrocarbon is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds, wherein said mixtureis useful as a fuel or as a blendstock component of a fuel.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein said mixture of hydrocarbon compounds iscomprised of hydrocarbon compounds containing at least four carbonatoms.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said mixture of hydrocarboncompounds substantially corresponds to a petrochemical fraction.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, wherein said petrochemical fraction substantiallycorresponds to a fuel selected from gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jetpropellant.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is integratedwith a fermentation process, wherein said fermentation process producessaid alcohol as a component of a fermentation stream, and saidfermentation stream is contacted with said metal-loaded zeolitecatalyst.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said method is integratedwith a biomass reactor that includes a fermentation process, whereinsaid fermentation process produces said alcohol as a component of afermentation stream, and said fermentation stream is contacted with saidmetal-loaded zeolite catalyst.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein saidmethod further comprises distilling said mixture of hydrocarboncompounds to obtain a fraction of said mixture of hydrocarbon compounds.25. The method of claim 1, wherein said alcohol is produced from abiomass source.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said biomass sourceis comprised of lignocellulosic matter.
 27. The method of claim 6,wherein said fermentation process produces said alcohol from a biomasssource.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said biomass source iscomprised of lignocellulosic matter.
 29. The method of claim 1 whereinthe alcohol is comprised of n-butanol or isobutanol.
 30. The method ofclaim 25, wherein said biomass source is comprised of starch or sugar.31. The method of claim 6, wherein said fermentation process producessaid alcohol from a plant-based source of sugars.